The fact that the Ottoman Empire was based on Islam caused the society in the conquered regions to be divided into Muslims and non-Muslims and the society was shaped accordingly and social life was organised accordingly. With the rapid expansion of the borders of the empire during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II, the millet system was born and the relations between the state and the Muslim and non-Muslim subjects were conducted through this system. Rights and obligations organised on a religious basis gave non-Muslim subjects the chance to protect their religion and language. Although this policy was beneficial for an environment of tolerance for many years, the wave of nationalism that spread after the French Revolution dragged the empire into territorial losses that would last until its collapse. This disintegration, which was accompanied by wars and rebellions, also started a process that Western states would call the ‘Eastern Question’. The wars with the Russians and the fact that the Russians saw themselves as the protector of the Orthodox people increased the confusion in the Balkans. The gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire through wars and rebellions and the territorial losses of the Ottoman Empire continued. It was understood that the millet system, which had been implemented for years, was no longer functional and did not create loyalty. It also became clear that there was a need for a new centralised approach and a modern reorganisation of institutions in the Ottoman Empire. In the end, many ideas emerged to prevent the disintegration and even the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, one of which was Ottomanism. The protection of the non-Muslims' own language as well as their own religion facilitated the spread of the nationalist movement within the empire, and although the idea of Ottomanism was supported by the state, it did not work. Because for many years, the culture and identity that would unite different nations under an Ottoman identity was not created. Although the successive Tanzimat Edict and Islahat Edict reorganised the system based on the distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims and aimed to create an Ottoman nation, it soon became clear that the nations within the empire did not give up the idea of having a state of their own.
Millet System, Ottomanism, Identities